Dividend Payout Within Consumer Products Industry In Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1279 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Industry Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT There is a large volume of work in the area of dividend payout policy across many developed countries (Gugler, 2003; Kallapur, 2004; Ferris et al., 2006; Denis and Osobov, 2008; Eije and Megginson, 2008; Engsted and Pedersen, 2010). However, less work has been done in developing countries and researchers have started to study the dividend policy, as well as the behaviour of the company within the countries (Pandey, 2003). In addition, studies that examine the dividend payout policy focus more on the general category (Kallapur, 2004; Denis and Osobov, 2008; Eije and Megginson, 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dividend Payout Within Consumer Products Industry In Malaysia" essay for you Create order Limited work has been done in category based on industrial grouping (Ferris et al., 2006). As such, my study seeks to address the gap in literature review and thereby stresses on the dividend payout, in term of ratio and pattern of companies within the consumer products industry in Malaysia. 2.1 RESEARCH QUESTION What is the trend of dividend payout in companies within consumer products industry in Malaysia? 2.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To identify the dividend payout ratio of the consumer products industry in Malaysia and its changes across years. To determine the percentage of companies paying dividend in the consumer products industry in Malaysia. To determine the dividend payout pattern of companies within the consumer products industry in Malaysia. To identify if there is a difference of dividend payout ratio within the consumer products industry in Malaysia. 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW (GAPS FILLED) There is vast literature in the area of dividend payout policy across countries including US (Gugler, 2003; Denis and Osobov, 2008; Eije and Megginson, 2008) and non-US such as EU countries (Eije and Megginson, 2008; Denis and Osobov, 2008; Engsted and Pedersen, 2010), Japan (Ferris et al., 2006; Denis and Osobov, 2008) and Taiwan (Kallapur, 2004). The finding shows that payout policy undergoes changes and fluctuates across year, especially in the recent year of 1992 to 2004 (Renneboog and Trojanowski, 2010). According to Kallapur (2004), many studies agree that dividend payout ratio is a signal indicating the firms future growth. Firms pay attention to the consistency of dividend payout as studies show that investors put premium on the firms with stable payout policy and firms are reluctant to cut dividend (Gugler, 2003). Besides, a study by Ferris et al. (2006) shows that firm with negative earning (negative growth) in UK is less likely to pay dividend. This is consistent with the finding that dividend payout ratio is related to the firms growth. Study by Gugler (2003) reports that large firms with good investment opportunity in US are less likely to pay high dividend to the investors. However, their payout is relatively more stable and they are rarely cut down on the dividend (Allen and Michaely, 1995). Besides, study by Eije and Megginson (2008) shows that younger companies in EU are less likely to pay dividend and the payout is less than those older companies. According to Eije and Megginson (2008), dividend payout ratio has increased over years. They also report that the payout ratio in US has increased from year 1970 to year 2001, and the total dividend paid is increasing among firms in EU countries. From previous studies, Ferris et al. (2006) and Eije and Megginson (2008), find that the number of firms paying dividend in US is decreasing despite the increasing of dividend payout ratio across years. Eije and Megginson (2008) also report the same finding in EU firms and suggest that the dividend payout policies are quite similar between the two. According to Denis and Osobov (2008), the decreasing trend is driven by the failure of new listed firms to initiate payout when they are expected to do so. However, there is a contrast finding from the studies done in Taiwan and Japan. Study from Kallapur (2004) shows that dividend paying firms in Taiwan has actually increased since year 2000, while Ferris et al. (2006) reports that the percentage of firms paying dividend in Japan remains highly stable. Ferris et al. (2006) also suggests that the decreasing trend does not seem to affect Japanese firms. This is an interesting area that worth for study, especially in developing country such as Malaysia. Horngren et al. (2008) notes that dividend payout ratio different across industries and it is commonly used to compare companies in the same industry. However, there is limited work done specifically within an industry (Ferr is et al., 2006). According to International Business Center (2010), consumer products industry plays a major role in the world economy as it acts as a driver for other industries. Besides, it reports that consumer products industry contributes to the two-thirds of the world trade volume and accounts for significant portion of the gross domestic product (GDP) in many countries. As such, my study would stress on the dividend payout, in term of the ratio and pattern, of consumer products industry in Malaysia. 4.0 METHODOLOGY The methodology that will be applied has been chosen in order to obtain data and compare the dividend payout, in terms of ratio and pattern, within consumer products industry in Malaysia. 4.1 DATA COLLECTION For the purpose of this study, data will be collected using the secondary source. Annual report of respective company will be obtained from the link given in the Bursa Malaysia website. 4.2 SAMPLING FRAME The sampling frame for this study would be the public listed companies in Malaysia. The list can be obtained from Bursa Malaysia or The Star website. 4.3 SAMPLING STRATEGY For the purpose of this study, non probability purposive sampling is selected. As the study only focus on one industry, and 5 years data is assumed to show a general trend of the dividend payout, thus the sample chosen need to meet the following criteria, Companies that fall under the consumer products industry. Companies with at least 5 years of annual report available on the company website. By searching through the companies website, only 89 out of 142 companies in consumer products industry fulfill the mentioned above criteria (as in Appendix 2). 4.4 DATA ANALYSIS In this study, hybrid method (both quantitative and qualitative) will be used to analyze the data. Generally, it can be divided into 3 parts as following, For dividend payout ratio, percentage of firms paying dividend and the percentage of company using certain payout pattern, SPSS (descriptive statistic) will be used. To determine if there is a difference of dividend payout ratio among companies within the industry, SPSS (One-Sample T-Test) can be carried out as the sample size is more than 30. Yearly dividend payout ratio obtained from a) will be used as the test value in SPSS. To determine the trend of dividend payout, in term of ratio and pattern across years, qualitative method will be used as it involves more on the interpretation of data. 4.5 ROLE OF THEORY In this study, the role of theory would be theory generation. It involves the new finding of dividend payout ratio, as well as the payout pattern among companies within the consumer products industry in Malaysia. 5.0 CONTRIBUTION EXPECTED It is intended that the finding of this study will give a clearer picture of the dividend payout in consumer products industry as it is the major contributor to the countrys economic. Besides, it can be used by potential investors that desire a certain cash flow (dividend) instead of incurring transaction cost from periodically selling shares of stock. Last but not least, it seeks to provide a better understanding for Chief Financial Officer (CFO) towards the dividend payout ratio and its pattern within the consumer products industry in Malaysia. 6.0 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES Due to time constraint and limited information that is available on the website, only 5 years of annual report is obtained for this study. Thus, it is suggested that a longer time series of data, for example 10 years should be taken in future to provide a better understanding of the dividend payout in Malaysia. Besides, future researchers can study on other industries and ultimately compare the dividend payout ratio and its pattern across all industries in Malaysia.

Vietnam And Its Effects On The Country - 1015 Words

Introduction Vietnam is world’s 13th most populous country, majorly consisting of Viet and Kinh ethnic groups. Vietnam has Vietnamese as official language and some other languages exist in minority groups. Vietnam adopted â€Å"seclusion† policy which made the country isolated and faced a deep crisis which led them on brink of bankruptcy. After 1995, started globalizing and established relation with United States and Vietnam also became member of WTO in 2006. There are many aspects that helped Vietnam to grow faster. PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Legal and Environmental) analysis helps in analyzing overall business opportunities and ease of doing business in country. 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Recycling and Dear Fellow Friends.standing Free Essays

Recycling Good morning to our beloved teachers, Puan Rusni and my dear fellow friends. Standing here today,I would like to deliver a speech entitled,†Recycling. † According to the Asian Development Bank,rapid development,rising personal consumption and unprecedented levels of waste in Asia where cities will generate on estimated 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Recycling and Dear Fellow Friends.standing or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8 million tonnes of rubbish per day by 2025. In Malaysia alone,we produce over 15,000 tonnes pf rubbish daily and it is a matter of time before we run out of space to dispose them. In dealing with this phenomenon,we shall discuss some of the suggestions that all of us can adapt through the process of recycling to conserve the environment. One of the ways to recycle is to sell old newspapers to the junkman who will eventually send them to the recycling centres. By selling the old newspapers,we can earn some extra money at the price of RM0. 03 per kilogramme of old newspapers. Buying recycled paper is also another option. On the average,about 17 market sized trees are felled to produce a tonne of paper or one tree is felled to produce 20 reams of A4 size paper. Today,we recognise the limits of resource demand and this is the reason why recycled paper is critical part of our aspiration for a healthy global environment. We should also use both sides of a sheet of paper because it cultivates the habit of not being wasterful while saving our earth from further deterioration. In addition,glass bottles should be recycled. The energy saved by recycling a glass container can light a 100-watt bulb for up to four hours. Avoiding the use of plastic products is another recommended way to protect our Mother Nature because plastic is non-biodegradable,it may survive as long as 700 years. Apart from that,it is indispensably necessary for us to save water and electricity as much as possible. We have to save electricity because we are running fast out of fossil fuels. The fossil fuels saved by turning off the water taps while brushing our teeth. By doing this we can save the energy used to filter purify and transport the water to the end users. On the other hand,electricity can be saved by switching off the light,television,radio and fan before leaving any rooms. This is because the primary environmental impact of electricity consumption is the production of greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. Hence,saving electricity is the key preserve our Mother Nature, Another advice that everyone ought to take head of is not to throw away leftover rice but instead,make fried rice,tamarind rice,pepper rice and yoghurt rice. This is because many poor nations of the Third World countries are suffering from famine and malnutrition due to accute shortage of food such as Mozumbigue and Sudun and Myannar. Lastly but not least,we can also use water for washing clothes to wash our parents’cars and other non-drinking purpose such as watering plants,washing toilets and mapping floors. As a conclusion,our planet is in a bad shape but most people choose to be indifferent to the effects initiated by the goverment to safeguard to dire condition of the environment. Majority of Malaysians choose to ignore the gathering storm clouds and hope the problem will magically take care of itslef. In Klang Valley,for instance,it produces more than 5000 tonnes of rubbish everyday which can cover the whole of Petronas Twin Towers,one of the tallest buildings in the world,in ten days and this is the reason why we must reduce,reuse and recycle. Whether the planet lives or dies,it depends on us and so,everyone plays a significant role by starting to recycle even from homes because a small change in behaviour has a measurable impact on our Earth. Thank you for lending me your ears. I hope all of you are benefited from my speech today. How to cite Recycling and Dear Fellow Friends.standing, Essay examples

Project Methodology And How It Serves In The Project Management

Question: Project Methodology And How It Serves In Project Management? Answer: Introducation The methodology is considered as an important model which administers for the employing the designing, planning and the proper implementation of the project. The specification is based on building the adaptive project framework that will help in easy access with team communication and setting the member skills, people and interaction. Through this, there is a possibility where the project managers are able to deliver the proper frameworks, processes and the standards. This works on the full stack methodology framework with certain forms of the themes. They are important for the clients and the projects where there is a need for the collaboration to iteratively deliver the works. (Chong et al., 2016). The methodology is based on the timeline, cost, roles and responsibilities of the participants and the stakeholders. This works on the pre-planning, conceptual designing, schematic processes with the well-defined projects that would help in setting more ambiguities and risks. The product based planning is considered as structured approach that is marketing on identifying all the products with the output oriented form rather than any of the activity or the task oriented structures. Methodologies: compare, analysing the similarities and differences The SDLC is considered as the development life cycle for the information system, to describe the processes with proper planning, testing and deploying the information. Here, it applies with the agile to iterative sequential methodologies where the focus is on the lightweight processes that allow for the rapid change. (De Bekker et al., 2017). The expansion like XP and Scrum focus on the Rational Unified process with the focus on the limited structure and planning. The SDLC focus on the phases which are for the investigation, analysis, designing, building and testing for proper implementation, maintenance and support. Through this, there are technologies which works on the collection of solution where there is a preliminary analysis to handle the alternative solutions with proper costs and benefits. The agile method includes the collaborative forms and the continuous improvement which will be able to work on the software development frameworks as well. The check is on the individuals and interactions with proper working software, easy collaboration with the customer and responding to the changes for following the plans. There is software with customer collaboration and focusing on the involvement with the customer where there is a possibility of the continuous delivery of the valuable software as well. Through this, it is easy to maintain the sustainable development with the proper design and requirements. Methodologies relate to the project life cycle (PLC) The SDLC is one of the important project management method that includes the planning with the agile approach based on the incremented and the iterative forms of the delivery. The project need to handle the large works with proper planning so that they are executed depending on the requirement. The requirements are considered as important with the proper work and plan to adapt to the different changes through designing, implementation, testing and setting with the maintenance. (Sharma et al., 2017). The SDLC approach is mainly to focus on how the technology is able to bring the documented and clear results with no additional value that is gained from agile. This approach also works with better and predictable end results for the budget and the timeline. The agile works with the project life cycle where there is a possibility to focus on the planning, execution and the evaluation of the programs. Through this, there are easy situations to adapt to the change in work, with maintaining the adequacy and ongoing communication. They are for the short-term delivery cycles with the agile requirements based on the dynamic team Finance, setting less restrictive control on the project and focusing on the real time communication. Agile network also includes the customer representatives with the available for the developers to focus on product development. The iteration with functionality includes the measure of progress with quality focus on the techniques like continuous integration, automated forms of the unit testing and the test-driven development. References Chong, U., Hopkins, O. (2016). An international experience on the evolution of road costs during the project life cycle.Transport Policy,48, 60-66 managemet. de Bekker-Grob, E. W., Berlin, C., Levitan, B., Raza, K., Christoforidi, K., Cleemput, I., ... Hansson, M. G. (2017). Giving Patients Preferences a Voice in Medical Treatment Life Cycle: The PREFER PublicPrivate Project. Sharma, A., Misra, P. K. (2017). Aspects of Enhancing Security in Software Development Life Cycle.Advances in Computational Sciences and Technology,10(2), 203-210.

Reaction Paper Essay Example

Reaction Paper Essay On the 9th of February, I visited the Ayala Museum with the company of my mother and a friend, in the hopes that I could see some extraordinary things from our country’s (and as well as some parts of Asia’s) past – things that we do not see inside the classroom. To get this show on the road, I think it would be best to begin by saying that I was not at all disappointed. Starting from the grand lobby of the building, we made our way up to the fourth floor, where the exhibits that the teacher had required us to see are located.Stepping out of the elevator and passing through the automatic glass-doors, we were greeted by a dark room, with a huge screen, much like what we see in theaters. It was showing a video about the Gold of Ancestors. Very few people were inside, fellow students from other schools, I expected. But I did not dwell on that area. Truth be told, the Gold of Ancestors was not what I was looking forward to. I was actually very keen to see the exhibit on the Austronesian Theory. I will admit that before I went for my visit to the museum, I made a small research on the Austronesian Theory, the people and which exact parts did they dominate back then.I could not stand the wait that I had to check what I was getting myself into. Not that I was not trusting the museum to thoroughly explain the theory that I had to check the trusted Wikipedia. I was merely excited. What I did find out was that the creation of Indianized kingdoms Srivijava, Melayu, Majapahit and the founding of Hinduism and Buddhism were because most of the Austronesian people that populated in Maritime Southeast Asia traded goods with India and China and that the sea was the basic tenet for the Austronesian people. That said, their main means of transportation was boating.In addition to that, something from the Austronesian Filipinos, Mummification was found among the country’s highland. Those facts among others. After going through my tour at the Austronesian exhibit at the museum, I found out that my advance research was accurate, quite the same with what I saw there. I walked further inside and there, I saw: pieces of gold behind glassed cases, one section different from the other. They were, I must say, very nice, though some were nowhere near coherent that I really had to read the label below it to know its purpose. Some were diadems, cuff-links, bangles and many more.They more likely leaned onto the accessories department. And they were probably owned by the leaders back then. Almost every wall of the place bore glass-cases with pieces of gold, all of which had a brief description. And if not that, huge writings on the walls, explaining the exhibits. I walked further and then I saw a huge writing saying ‘Austronesian Migrations’. Instinctively, I made my way there. The writing stated that an archaeologist named Peter Bellwood did a research upon this study. The man claimed that about six thousand years ago, the Austrone sian populations began migrating south.In the Philippines, they set sail to it some four thousand five hundred years ago. Then after a thousand years, they dispersed southeast, through the Mariana Islands and eastern Indonesia towards Oceania. Later, they moved through Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and southern Vietnam. Beside the brief summary of the Austronesian Migrations was a drawing of a map of the Southeast Asia. Lines connected one island to the other, stating where the Austronesian people came from and later moved to. After reading that, I walked through the back part of the room.Needless to say, more various kinds of gold were on display and more writings about other exhibits. I stopped on the left side. There, written on glass styled as a counter, were brief descriptions on another exhibit called the ‘Laguna Copper Plate’. Beside that was, once again, about Austronesian Migration. Only this time, it is a longer and more thorough description of the said topic. It was divided into sub-topics: Introduction The Austronesian-speaking people are ancestors of most populations in Malaysia, Indonesia and, of course, the Philippines. Also said in that, Homogeneity was big in the Austronesian family.To explain, Homogeneity, according to the Webster Dictionary, meant uniform; of the same element. Story of Movement, Survival, Colonization and Settlement As said in the museum, the Austronesian people’s main strength was sustaining settlement. Meaning they were at best when it came to coping with everyday life. As it seemed, they were intelligent, hardworking, resourceful and probably open-minded. Which, as far as I know, are what are you supposed to be if you want to keep the food on the table going and a roof over your family’s heads to shelter yourselves.It was also stated that they have plenty of sources of vitamins – protein, more like – that came from their crops, animals and fishes. Although there was no evidence of p lanting rice, they domesticated tubers. And in addition to that, they also domesticated pigs, dogs and chickens. Another essential to their everyday work were dug out boats with outriggers. This means of transportation enabled them to sail further for various purposes such as fishing and visiting other islands for trading. Cultures Flourished As I have said earlier, there were various accessories on display. Many of them were earrings in real gold.The Austronesian people had omega-shaped earrings as part of their culture. But the shape was not only known in earrings. The omega shape was also found in atopic materials not only in the Philippines, but also in Sarawak, Southern Thailand and Southern Vietnam. Another part of their culture was burial shroud woven with a backstrap loom. The earliest shroud was found in Romblon, Philippines. In a non-Neolithic site in Vietnam, a much older shroud was recently hollowed out. Betel leaves and Arecibo palm nit was used then and not to mention, now, as ingredients for popular chew preparations spiked with pounded lime.This cultural delicacy was called Manobo in Agusan, Mindanao. Evidences of Other Austronesian Links It was said that the Southeast Asian notions about the upperworld, underworld and the earthly realm have been linguistically traced back to periods before in contact with Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic and western systems of thought. Sculpted figures of birds are viewed as symbols of the upperworld, the nags or serpent as the underworld and a tree with high branches and deep roots connected the two realms made the tripartite universe to reaffirm. REACTION:As I walked out of the museum doors, I had about a dozen things in mind. Most of which were terms I had to add to the paper. I was already looking forward to writing them down so I will not forget. That was how much I had absorbed in my mind just by going through the exhibit and taking small notes on it. So when I got home, after some rest, I sat in front of the co mputer and began typing away. I still am – this paper, a work in progress. As I have said much earlier on, I was in high hopes of seeing historic artifacts and the museum did not disappoint me.I had admitted that I made an early research on the Austronesian Theory which was very much the same with what I saw in the museum, but the internet could never trump the museum. I had seen rare pieces of gold in pictures in the internet, yes. But seeing it solid and real, it was amazing. The Ayala Museum did not spare me on information. I had been in numerous museums before. From the yearly school trips that I had at elementary and high school to just for leisure and entertainment to, such as this one, a requirement by a teacher, in research for a paper.And remembering it now, when I was a kid, I did go to the Ayala Museum. Back then, I was seven years old, wowed by pretty much everything and forgetting about it when the next good thing came along. Needless to say, I mostly forgot what I appreciated at the museum during that visit. But now, on my second visit, after more than half of my life had passed, I was more aware of the things around me. The point that I am making is that, years have passed and the museum has, in a lot of aspects, changed.And now, it would be such a shame not to mention how I appreciated the high technology that the museum had offered. Something they did not had a lot of back then. From the automatic glass-doors to the video on little screens that automatically plays when a person walks below the censor. It gives you furthermore information other than what was written already. Like, for example, in the Austronesian portion on the room, a little screen was placed beside it that played a video the second I stood before it. Just as what I said, I really was not spared on information.I am very confident to say that it would be ridiculous to think that the money paid for the tickets was such a waste. During my second visit, while going through the pieces of gold, I could not help but feel pleased with what we get to call as our ancestors. My heart swelled with pride and appreciation. I was, still am, thankful to them for passing down these down. And also for the researchers and specialists for finding them and preserving their beauty so that it can last for years and years so that not only the present generation can see and appreciate it but also for the many generations to come. Another thing that caught my attention was the fact that the Austronesian people were really good at sustaining settlements. The most important, is what it was. Food and shelter were the main things they sought for. Survival skills were an essential to daily living. You could just tell that they had worked hard and most likely faced different challenges every day. Anyone should admire how they coped with that and the fact that that was what they did best. Fancy, I must say, the gold was, but to top that, it was very much exquisite, very transcend ing.Not that I am attracted to the worth of the gold, it was never about that. It was the hard work behind it. With the obvious lack of high technology at that time, it was very difficult to achieve things without perseverance and incessant hard work. They had to find the means to make the gold to put them to use. Beautiful it was, but that was not its symbol. It was a sign of character; it showed that the Austronesian-people did indeed had perseverance, hard work and to top it all, dedication because it was an achievement to create such things.Which, hypothetically, were the real treasures that they had passed down. Those strong aspects – they were much more appreciated than the gold. To the gold, it was the professionals’ job to preserve them. But to these characterizations, it was ours – the descendants’ – job to preserve them. The professionals undergo much study on how to do their job. But for us descendants, we find our own means how to do it . We work harder, stick together, be there for each other and most importantly, we share what we have to the others.We pass down treasures worth keeping so that we are not the only ones who can benefit from them but all the generations to come. Just as what our ancestors did for us. Not only the gold, knowledge or story that our ancestors passed down to us, but their views in life and what they believed in as an individual and a member of a group of people striving for endurance through various of trials everyday, as well – which, if you ask me, is better than any other treasure. We value it, preserve it and pass it down for next descendants to do the same. An endless cycle, really.

Celiac Sprue essays

Celiac Sprue essays The absorption of food nutrients through the small intestine is a condition known as celiac Sprue. The intestine is impaired because of an immune reaction to gluten which is a protein found in wheat or other grains that is in much food that people eat. Celiac sprue is generally reversible once certain grains are removed from the diet. The condition is seen in people from all over the world. The small intestine is affected because the inner lining has fingerlike projections called villa. The villa help to increase the amount of surface available for the absorption and digestion of nutrients. In the celiac sprue there is a flattening of the surface and a loss of the normal villa. This leads to a decrease in the amount of absorption of nutrients. Also the enzymes which are normally present in the lining cells of the intestine are diminished which impairs digestion. The symptoms of sprue vary according to the severity and extent of the disease. Symptoms can become apparent during childhood but often disappear during adolescence. They can also reappear in early adult life, usually during the third and fourth decades. If the disease becomes severe it may be associated with dehydration and mineral losses. Weight loss is common, resulting from lack of absorption of nutrients. Occasionally, weight loss may not occur because patients sometimes have extremely large appetites. Because of the lack of absorption of the nutrients, and vitamins patients can develop anemia and easy bruising. Anemia results from lack of iron and folate. Both substances are important for the forming of red blood cells. Thinning and weakness of bones can also occur from lack of calcium and vitamin D. A diagnosis of celiac spruce is usually not apparent, in many instances the physical examination of the patient is normal. The diagnosis is considered in patients with diarrhea and weight loss. Signs of weight loss may be apparent and patients may become p...

Research problem and literature review Proposal

Problem and literature review - Research Proposal Example Majority of the school teachers do not pay proper attention to these students to teach them effective and correct English. Due to these reasons the students have to face problems in their higher classes as English is the only medium of teaching in higher studies. On the other hand, the students of UAE look towards their guides and teachers with great hope. According to these students, the teachers are most competent and they will help these students to learn good English within a short period of time. It doubles the responsibility of the English teachers. Therefore, majority of the English teachers become disappointed and fed up. As a result, the English teachers leave the institutions or schools before the completion of their contract. The teachers need to have little patience, significant competency level, intelligence and effective management and leadership skills to handle these kind of situations. It will help the teachers to achieve their personal career goals. Research Questio n Depending upon the above discussion the research question has been formulated as: â€Å"What are the problems and remedies of teaching English to the students of UAE†? Literature Review Teaching second language to the students is not an easy task for the teachers. Second language should be taught efficiently with patience, hard work and self invented methodologies. These will help the teachers to teach second language to the students in effective way. According to Ansari (2012), it is important for the teachers to find out the difficulties and problems faced by the students (Ansari, 2012, p.521). Once the difficulties and problems are found out, the task becomes easy for the teachers to implement appropriate methods, plans and strategies. An intelligent, competent, co-operative and hardworking teacher is necessary for the students in order to learn second language in an appropriate way. According to Rosenthal (2000), when the students start learning the second language or a ny foreign language, they can face several problems and difficulties due to the lack of language proficiency (Rosenthal, 2000, p.141). At this point of time, only the teachers can rescue them from this critical situation. It is the responsibility of the teacher to understand the problems of the students and solve those problems accordingly through effective processes and methodologies. The teachers frame the course curriculum in an appropriate way so that the students can learn the language effectively and appropriately. It is important for the teachers to select effective reading materials for the students and create a suitable English learning environment in the class room. The students also face several problems, such as socio-cultural problems, writing problems and subject related problems while learning the second language. They also face problems in recognizing the alphabets and pronouncing even simple words. The socio-cultural background of the students generally plays an imp ortant role in learning of second language as there are cultural differences among the students. This cultural unawareness confuses the students. At this critical stage, only the teachers can help the students to overcome the situation by effective

My Online Personal Presence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

My Online Personal Presence - Assignment Example   The knowledge that I have gained over the years while studying at the University of Salford would greatly aid me in this task.   In addition, I would also study the literature that is available online regarding the topic. The topics posted would be written in simple English so that they can be easily understood by everyone. Furthermore, I would try and avoid using technical terms as much as possible to ensure that individuals who are not related to the field of BIT could also understand the topic with ease. With each post, the topics would get more and more advanced and would eventually discuss work that is currently being carried out in the field of BIT. Once an article is written it would then be scanned using certain SEO tools that would help detect the number of keywords used and help determine the rank that it would achieve.   Once a satisfactory rank is obtained I would post the article on the blog and publicize it using all the social media profiles I had refined earli er on. Visitors that would read my blogs would also be given the option to post comments and their opinions of what they think about the content of the blog.   The comments would act as feedbacks and would help me spot the areas I am weak in.The basic idea of writing a blog is basically to help me demonstrate my learning and research skills that I have developed over time. The demonstration of these skills would help figure an individual out the level of understanding of BIT I have developed with time.... Once I obtain my master’s degree I would try and gain entry into public service where I would have a chance to work for the betterment of the community. Using the knowledge that I develop during my years as a student I would develop policies that would help in the implementation of public programs and would also aid in the efficient management of employees. Module where I have achieved success: Of all the modules that I have studied so far at the university I have had a great deal of success with Dynamic Web Development and Advanced Web Design modules. One of the main reasons why these modules came so easily to me is because prior to my studies at University of Salford I worked as websites designer. Skills that I learnt there greatly helped me with my understanding of the course and the lectures being given by my tutors. Areas of interest: One of my greatest interests has been regarding social media websites. I have always maintained an account on some of the top social networ king websites over the past few years. Through these websites I have been able to reach a number of individuals and learnt how to optimize my profiles. Through the use of social networking websites I would be able to increase my online prominence and be able to promote various websites and blogs that would relate to my background and would provide vital information about my qualifications and skills. Online identity that requires amendment: Currently I have a number of accounts on various social media websites. The most prominent and frequently social networking websites that I use are Facebook, twitter, Google+ and YouTube. The first task that I was carrying out is that i had

Controlling Organized Crime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Controlling Organized Crime - Research Paper Example In addition, the proponent also describes the legal limitations associated with combating organized crime, including a critique of major federal laws and strategies that support this effort. Furthermore, in this paper, the proponent also suggests a realistic solution to control organized crime by discussing and evaluating the effectiveness of organized crime prosecutions. Problems and relationships established by organized crime Since organized crime associates itself with violent behaviors and culture, it usually results to criminal activities (Mallory, 2007; Lyman & Potter, 2007). These criminal activities include but not limited to â€Å"drug trafficking, transnational organized crime, nuclear smuggling, refugee movements, uncontrolled and illegal immigration, environmental risks and international terrorisms† (Edgar & Ifantis, 2007; Dandurand, 2007). Not only that, there are remarkable proofs associating organized crime with major corporations in massive organized criminali ty, corrupt relationship development, money laundering and drug trafficking (Lyman & Potter, 2007). These are all corresponding problems associated with organized crime. However, the sad part of this story is that these problems associated with organized crime substantially mirror the international troubles or global massive occurrence of criminality. In other words, organized crime groups have become complex in their control and even parameter. This leads the authority to place its entire effort in a substantially challenging way especially in alleviating or controlling illegal and criminal activities associated with organized crime. The problems therefore associated with the establishment of organized crime have become remarkably complex, leading every concern or nation to take courage in doing their fair share in combating its existence. After all, organized crime could now readily associate itself in whatever illegal activities in the world for as long as there is involvement of the achievement of its personal gain. Legal limitation associated with combating organized crime Combating organized crime indeed has legal limitation. For instance, there are some problems associated with organized crime which must move beyond the bound of sovereignty and traditional state responses (Edgar & Ifantis, 2007). The case of proliferating weapons of mass destruction is somehow something old but new due to varying legal acts incorporated to it by every nation or state. Therefore, as organized crime and its problems grow into massive portion of society’s issue with criminality, legal concerns must significantly rise as well in order to continue maintain peace and order situation that every person deserves for the protection and preservation of life, which is the fundamental civil right. However, some federal laws emancipated for addressing this concern might not fit well due to some other relevant issues. For example, the Patriot Act for instance is something benef icial in solving problems associated with crime especially those generated by the institution of organized crime. However, some issues against this act primarily concerned with the right and protection of individual identity. In other words, there are some legal concerns that at some point would hinder the full coverage of federal strategies in combating organized crime. On the other hand, the act of prosecutions cannot actually guarantee indictment. After all, the burden of proof

Islamic Attributes Of Destination On Tourists Motivation Tourism Essay

Islamic Attributes Of Destination On Tourists Motivation Tourism Essay INTRODUCTION Tourism can be defined for travelling purposes for recreational, vacation or trade purposes. There are number of definitions for the term tourists, thats tourists can defined as people who tour to and stay in places outside their usual location for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one alternate year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. This is stated according to The World Tourism Organization. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. There were over 922 million international traveler arrivals, with an escalation of 1.9% in the year 2008 as compared to 2007. International tourism receipts grew to US$944 billion (euro 642 billion) in 2008, parallel to an increase in real terms of 1.8% [1]. International travel demand suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer month during to as a result of the late-2000s recession. Due to outbreak of outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, t  DuringdSDShis negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries. This gave a very big impact in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and an estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts [2]. Tourism is vital for many countries, such as Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Spain, Malaysia and Thailand, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippines and the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the prospect for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxicabs, hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres. Tourism Industry is always exaggerated by religion especially Islam religion for its special rules and law. National and international levels in this country are discussed with the presentation of Islam in official tourism marketing. On meeting the needs, the government is shown to place a high superiority of visitors while certain states give preference to the dictates of Islamic religion, and international strategies seek to endorse intra-Islamic travel. Therefore, the outcomes are offered into the management of Islam and tourism which may have a wider applicability beyond the special circumstances of this country. The population for Islam religion may consist of 30% of the world population in the world by 2025[3]. In some of the Muslim countries, especially major Muslim countries, tourism is a major market, nevertheless less than 10% of global tourism returns goes to this market. Morocco, Egypt, Turkey and Malaysia are major four Muslim countries in world. In tourism, these countries attract 17.5 million guests in 2004[4]. The world tourism organization nominated ten Muslim countries such as Algeria, Iran, Malaysia, Turkey, Oman, Syria, UAE, Bahrain, Lebanon and Egypt among 38 countries as the worlds top emerging tourism destination [5]. This is for the year 2006, December. This shows the impending of Islam country that could be one of the most essential places in tourism market among other Muslim countries but it isnt. In fact for example, Iran has a great prehistoric tradition but it is as yet little known in the West and there is much to be learnt both from it and the building techniques wh ich are integral with it. Rituals, festivals, ceremonial events and religious buildings are fundamental tourist attractions for devout followers of the particular systems of beliefs as well as for those with a casual interest. Several authors recount how Islam religion in times gone by enjoined particular types of travel that have retained an important social and religious function, albeit constantly adapting to the changing world. The pilgrimages incorporate an obligation to migrate. Hence the pilgrimage is one of Islams five pillars flanking belief in God and the prophet Muhamad, prayers, fasting and the giving of charitable trust. [6] Additionally lists ziyarat (visits to different shrines), these visits a form of voluntary pilgrimage which exemplifies the spatially idiosyncratic traditions of Islamic populations [7]. Muslims should travel in order to fully appreciate the beauty of Gods world and also visit their friends and relatives. This is what mentioned in the According to the holy text of the Koran. They have a responsibility to provide warmth to visitors who, under Islamic law, enjoy the citizens rights. Today, over a million Muslims travels annually to Saudi Arabia for the hajj [8] require a massive organizational endeavor by the authorities [9]. Its scale is depicted in accounts of Islamic religious circulation [10] but [11] argues that the large numbers who participate in religiously inspired travel to centers besides Mecca should not be neglected. Many Muslims also appear to share the common enthusiasm for leisure travel as outbound tourism rise with growing affluence. In tourism involvement, gender differences observed elsewhere [12] are very striking in some ultraorthodox and patriarchal Islamic cultures which impose severe restrictions on women. Male pre-eminence is a characteristic of many Muslim countries where women are denied in public place. [13] Claims that in the Middle East womens inferior status is legitimized by misinterpretation of the religious texts, this gives an impact on barriers to involvement in tourism as well as other spheres of actions. Simultaneity, a lar ge number of women believe that a proper textual interpretation actually protects their rights [14], veiling also seen as an assertion of not a symbol of female oppression and cultural identity. Despite these gender-based inequalities of opportunity, Islam is not fundamentally opposed to tourism, yet international tourism is adversely exaggerated by poor relations between Western and Islamic nations. Islam has been associated with oppression, terrorism conservatism and anti-Western sentiment [15] while the West is criticized as an imperialist aggressor pursuing economic, political and social domination [16] whose people are infidels of lax morals. Attitudes of hosts and tourists are likely to be colored by such conceptions, and cultures in which religion plays a completely different role may clash at destinations. The arrival of non-Muslim inbound tourists is maybe violated by tourists knowingly or accidentally and more disrupting for local Muslim communities than the situation reversed due to the religious codes which inform and however, the satisfaction of the special needs of Muslim travelers overseas may be a source of anxiety to themselves and those with whom they inter act [17]. There is evidence of a response by some in the Western tourism industry to overcome these issues with information provided about location of mosques and halal foods. This may encourage a Muslim tourist to travel more often to mentioned countries. Several hotel bedrooms also have pointed towards Mecca for the purposes of prayer, but still there is some question mark whether these measures are enough. More ever with combined political ideology, possible social problems have led several Middle Eastern countries to shun style international style tourism, deemed to be incompatible with Islam [18]. For example, Brunei is a strategy and act as a reluctant tourist destination whose wealth has undermined any economic incentive to helped to protect citizens from its worst excesses and encourage international tourism [19]. However, about what constitutes compatibility or true Islamic conduct, there is no consensus and this is reflected in the debate about the practice and meaning of Islam. The habits and sayings of the Prophet set down by his family and companions are agreed to be normative, according to the Koran and Hadith. Yet for most Muslims, new findings to the study of the Shariah, the Islamic law means that questions of interpretation, application and authenticity have become contentious issues [20]. Some Islamic countries may therefore find tourists more acceptable than others, partly depending on the degree of liberalism as well as losses and personal gains. For example, Iran is generally considered comparatively moderate and positive popular reactions have been recorded there [21]. However, survey respondents also raise concerns about moral decadence and [22], with a need for further research into Muslim views of tourisms cultural impacts on their societies. Theoretical background Research indicates that tourist motivation and satisfaction are often determined, in part, by the desire for a learning experience. For examples, the eco tourists have a desire for environmental learning and that ecotourism operators who differentiate their product through the provision of high-quality environmental education programs establish a potential sustainable competitive advantage. However, it is asserted that this potential long-term competitive advantage will only be realized if sufficient tourists can be attracted to the offered ecotourism experience. So this might be useful when it comes to encouraging the Muslim tourists to Muslim countries and fully satisfy their need, hence makes them often visit to the same country as destination loyalty. Using the results obtained, it is argued that the relatively small emphasis on Muslim tourists demand for Islam attributes learning in advertising directed at potential clients is a substantial weakness in some countries strategic t ourism. Tourism motivation in developing countries and Islamic culture has received scant attention from researchers. The key to understanding tourism motivation is to see holiday travel as a satisfier of needs and wants. The Literature on tourism often conceptualizes tourists motivation and satisfaction in terms of push and pulls factors. The idea behind this concept is that people travel because they are pushed by their own internal forces and pulled by external forces of the destination attributes. In this study, internal forces will be motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty. Hence pull factor will be Islam attributes. One way to realize travel motivation is to examine the notion of push and pull demand inspiration. The objectives of this research were to understand both push and pull motivation for domestic tourism and the relationship between the two motivations for Islam tourists. The finding indicated three push factors (motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty) and one pull factors (The Islam attributes). The pull factor might be seen as one, but all the attributes are covered as safety, religions, cultural value, utilitarian, and knowledge, social. This study found that the most important push and pull factors as perceived by Islam tourists are motivation value and religious. The study also confirms the relationship between push and pull factors. Perceptions and motivations are fundamental in tourist decisions and are crucial in the formation of the destination image. Despite the growing number of publications in this area, case studies are still scarce. This study investigates tourist perceptions and motivations in the destinations. A questionnaire was used to interview a random sample of tourists. Factor analysis and multivariate statistics were employed to find different exogenous variables at work for both perceptions and motivations, which varied according to the participants country of origin. Eight factors were found that help in understanding the perceived image and motivations tourists of different nationalities have about the destination. The Islam culture and loyalty also predominate as the leading motivation for tourists. The implications of these findings for explaining tourists behavior indicate future lines of research. The variables involved in tourists behaviours are motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty. While motivation is only one of many variables in explaining tourist behaviour, it is nonetheless  a very critical one, as it constitutes the driving force behind all behaviour [23]. Motivation sets the stage for forming peoples goals [24] in travelling and is reflected in both travel choice and behaviour; as such it influences peoples expectations, which in turn determine the perception of experiences. Motivation is therefore a factor in satisfaction formation [25]. According to some researches, basic motivation theory suggests a dynamic progression of internal psychological factors (needs, wants and goals), causing an uncomfortable level of tension within individuals minds and bodies, resulting in actions aimed at releasing that tension and satisfying these needs [23]. Intention, implying such an action, requires the awareness of needs, as well as objectives. To assure these conscious, steps needed in order to create wants and move people to travel [26] .Objectives or goals are presented in the form of services, it is therefore the role of marketing to create awareness of needs and suggest appropriate objectives, promising the satisfaction of these travellers [27]. Consequently this can make a tremendous change in a tourist perception on travelling to Muslim countries, which consists of Islam Attributes known to the world a most beautiful religion of all. In the Western World free time and holidays are connected to the concept of self-actualisation or self-realisation. This was suggested [28] several authors. The latter defined by [29] as a persons dynamic relationship between the real and the ideal self, constituting a process of decreasing the distance between these two cognitive systems, themselves subject to continuous change. It is the individuals aim to achieve a state of stability, or homeostasis [26], which is disrupted when the person becomes aware of the gap between real and ideal self, or as [26] calls it a need scarcity. The resulting need to self-actualise represents the motive, which under the constraints of the situation sets the stage for the process of motivation [25]. But to what extent does tourism satisfy the intrinsic need for self-actualisation? [30] summarise 15 years of research into psychological needs, satisfied by leisure activities, and proposed leisure activities clusters such as novelty, sensual enjoyment, cognitive stimulation, self-expression, creativity, vicarious competition, relaxation, agency, belongingness and service. It is questioned however; whether these superficial needs are intrinsically motivated [26], suggesting that these motivations are merely culturally learned stereotypes or explanations for leisure behaviour to Muslim tourists as well. As [23] states, a widely accepted integrated theory for needs and goals behind motivation is lacking. This is what the researcher has studied in this case. Research into motivation can be distinguished into two categories, the behaviourist and the cognivist approach [25]. The discussion has therefore traditionally revolved around either push or pulls factors influencing tourist behaviour [31]. Push factors represent enduring dispositions, as they are internally generated drives. The individual, energised by such drives, will then search objects for the promise of drive reduction and develop a motive [25]. For examples, with a good push factors, it may drive a tourist to the destination, therefore it makes them loyal to the destination. The behaviourist view thus emphasises the emotional parameter of decision-making, while the cognivist approach focuses on situational parameters in which motives are expressed, consequently encompassing a certain knowledge which the tourist holds about goal attributes as well as a rational weighing up of situational constraints [25]. This cognitive process results in motivations, which are more object spe cific than motives, as these only imply a class of objects and may result in a range of different behaviours, depending on the situation. This one-dimensional approach has been criticised however [32], as push and pull factors influence the consumer consecutively [33], integrated by the concept of involvement, an unobservable state of motivation, arousal, or interest [26], which is evoked by stimulus or situations. This is the case, since pull factors such as marketing stimuli as well as the destinations and services attributes respond to and reinforce push factors. Consequently research increasingly seeks to assimilate emotions and cognition in the individuals decision-making process [34], [35], [36], [25], signifying a more holistic approach. As a result it became evident that peoples intrinsic needs are influenced by external factors. In post modern society [37] asserts that in post-modern society the superstructure of advertising, television, fashion, lifestyle magazines and designer values increasingly take the role of forming knowledge and beliefs. Peoples needs are neutral [38], as motives however, they require an object towards which the need is directed, and when linked to actual situations, cultural and social impacts are also applied [25]. In this study, the motivation and satisfaction oblige tourists to certain destination. Based on learned behaviour and perception on situations raise motives to the level of values, as such they are evaluations [39]. If a drive is reduced satisfactorily the individual is likely to remember the behaviour and employ the same behaviour again, thus acquiring habits [40]. Therefore tourism experiences may become learned manners and obtain the role of habit enforcers. Cognivists argue that knowledge and beliefs in future rewards, anticipatory in nature [41], are equally a product of formerly encountered situations [42] and external formation. Motives purely represent learned behaviour, which are influenced by offered objects or tourism activities, and for the motivations, it represents knowledge and beliefs formed by society and culture or tourism peoples. Therefore the psychogenic need for self-actualisation, abstract in nature, is operational in a learned and practical manner and expressed in values, which are learned strategies to either adapt ones environment to ones needs or adapt ones self to a given environment [43]. These values equally include effects of enculturation and socialisation [23]. Additionally the professed gap between real and ideal self, may signify both externally and internally controlled evaluations [25]. Some authors therefore asks what researchers can expect to know about individuals drives, by asking them about their motivations and needs as these may not be available to individuals as part of their awareness.   [44] Mentioned that people do not walk around with numerous leisure needs in their minds and do not rationalise specific causes of participation if their contribution is intrinsically motivated (cited in [26]).   Consequently it may be understood that needs are suggested by immediate social peers, and the wider context of particular social realities as well as the influence of the tourism [45].   Yet as mentioned by [46] stress, intrinsic leisure motivation, which is a global disposition and describes an affinity to seek intrinsic rewards, is characterised by self-determination, an awareness of internal needs and a strong desire to make free choices on destination based on these needs by the tourists. The current society exercises a great deal of influence on the formation of the ideal self and thus perceived needs. Which is for all individuals, self-actualisation may be accepted as a need intrinsic for them. However the notion of authentic or true self, determined by way of experience, offers a solution to the predicament. Individualism symbolises four psychological qualities. One if it is an intelligence of individual identity, based on the knowledge of which one is and what ones goals and values are, as such it is related to the philosophical concept of true self. Which indicates what an individual reckons personally significant and what it is to be actualised? This is according to [47]. The other is Maslows self-actualisation, which is the driving to be ones true self. The third is list is quality which is [48] internal locus of control, which reflects a compliance to accept personal conscientiousness for ones life. And the last and fourth is principled (post conventional), mo ral reasoning [49], which involves regularity with general conceptual principles (cited in [50]). Subsequently, only if  a tourist becomes more autonomous and therefore aware of intrinsic needs and motives are they able to self-actualise. Order is becoming less essential in Western society and a desire for disorder in the tourism experience is becoming more important as [51] explained. Some authors voice out that opportunities for unplanned action and freedom from institutionalised regulations are distinctive of Western tourists.   This explains that certain tourists exhibit a assured desire to liberate their identities. According to [52], in order for tourists to cease being just users of holidays, they must come to know themselves, their motives and other cultures.   So it is understandable that self-actualisation is an intrinsic need, characteristic of any tourist, but must be understood in terms of true self as opposed to ideal self. Such is this independent of societal pressures and involves the transcendence of habitual behaviours and mind states. This proposition req uires further elaboration and must be viewed in the context of modernity, which hinders this process but at the same time brought about its awareness. Therefore, the Islamic attributes of destination in which catering to the religious needs of Muslim tourists may play an important role between the travel motivations (push and pull) and overall tourist satisfaction, which may impact on destination loyalty. Religious attributes of destinations should be recognized more in the context of the existing competitive tourism context [53]. Background of the study There are different aspects can be looked in a tourism industry. But the major issue is the culture and religion of a certain country. As known in most of the research, tourism Industry is always affected by religion especially Islam religion for its special rules and regulation. Thus it reflects Islam as the biggest and widest religion in the world .This study is more on the Islamic religion and international tourism, using the example of Iran as a case study to show the opportunities and problems which arise when this two item come into contact. Some survey observations are made about the conflicts, difficulties of the relationship, between tourist demands such as motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty and not to miss out the religious practices. For example, the authorities in Iran, where Islam is central to everyday life, have responded in a different method to solve this problem. Other than the main aspect of relation between Islam attributes with a tourists motivation , satisfaction and destination loyalty, the presentation of Islam in official tourism marketing, national and international levels in this country are discussed as a minor part. The government is publicized to place a high superiority on meeting the desires of tourists while certain states give superiority to the dictates of Islamic religion, and international strategies seek to promote intra-Islamic travel. Thus, results are offered into the management of Islam and tourism which may have a wider applicability beyond the special circumstances of this country. A number of authors conduct studies on how Islam religion historically enjoined particular types of journey that have retained an important social and religious function, although constantly adapting to the changing world. Five pillars in the pilgrimage is belief in God and the prophet Muhammad, prayers, fasting and the giving of charity, and at the same time pilgrimages also incorporates an compulsion to migration issue. [6] Additionally lists ziyarat (visits to different shrines), these visits a form of voluntary pilgrimage which exemplifies the spatially distinctive traditions of Islamic populations [7]. Simultaneity, a large number of women believe that a proper textual interpretation actually protects their rights [7], veiling also seen as an assertion of not a symbol of female oppression and cultural identity. There are different aspects to be studied in Islam tourism industry such as food, accommodation and mostly Islam culture places. As in food aspect, halal tourism is new merchandise in the tourism industry which provides holiday destinations for Muslim families who abide by Sharia rules. When it comes to halal concept, the hotels in such Islam destinations do not serve alcohol and have split swimming pools and spa facilities for men and women. Countries like Malaysia, Turkey and many more Islam countries are trying to create a center of attention for Muslim tourists from all over the world offering facilities in agreement with the religious beliefs of Muslim tourists. Not only halal term studied in food aspect, but foods served in flight service also follow the guidelines of halal. This is verified when halal tourism industry also provides flights where no alcohol or pork products are served, prayer timings are announced, and religious programs are broadcast as part of entertainment o ffered on board. This is studied and even there is report mentions a market for a halal startup airline, which could supply halal food, prayer calls, Quran in seat pockets and provide separate sections for male and female travelers according to the basic commandment of Islam religion. Hotel plays a vital role in tourism industry as it accommodates the tourists. In harmony with the teachings of Islamic Sharia, many international hotels do serve halal food. Halal food is slaughtered in and is free of any substances forbidden by Islam such as pork and alcohol. Some hotels have employed people of Arab or people who could understand the Islam to provide translation services and other help that may be needed by tourists from Muslim countries. For a example, Crescent Tours is a UK-based travel company, pioneering Halal Beach Sun Holidays on the Mediterranean and Islamic Heritage Tours in Turkey. Other examples are, in all Malaysian hotels, the management even provides the direction of kiblat for praying purposes. Regional instability has had a detrimental effect on tourism growth in certain instances, one example being terrorist attacks by Muslim groups in Egypt [8]. This is just mild example. Even though it is not a main issue, other commentators have clarified the consequences of this and the implication of Islam more generally in tourism research with a wider frame of reference [54]. One of the solutions might be when state decisions could inhibit Western-style tourism, while national authorities extend a wholehearted welcome to tourists irrespective of their origin and religion. It is not a matter whether the tourists from western or Muslim countries. Those at work in the tourism industry within Islam countries and its principal markets need to be aware of the changing conditions and have an appreciation of religious sensitivities, helping to educate tourists about appropriate behavior. This is can be done with a research on scope for consultation with religious features, regarding the formulation of codes of presentation and conduct of sites such as shrines and mosques as tourist attractions. The difficulties of establishing a consensus cannot be neglected; however, the struggle to enforce Shariah law is another source of unease, although PAS has stated that only Muslims would be subject to its rules and regulations. Further studies are necessary to fully estim ate the effects and outcomes of media reporting as well as attitudes amongst official decision residents and makers. Problem statement Even there is ample of issues on tourism and the activities related, yet religious issues have always influenced majorly the touristic activities. In Islamic countries where most of the communities are Muslims, some religious commandments have overwhelmed the quantity and quality of tourism. Considering the statement of communities plays a vital role, reciprocity between religion and the tourism industry this studies deal with the role of religion (Islam) in tourism industry in the Islamic countries. In this aspect, this study are keen in researching the interconnection relationship between Islam and tourism, manners of Muslims as hosts and guests, and finally the international collaboration in Islamic tourism industry. Facts show that Muslims constitute a global market of approximately two billion potential customers. Assuming that religion plays an important part in their decision making process with regard to travel destinations [55], Islamic religious attributes are bound to be very important considerations when a Muslim decides to travel abroad [56]. The Muslim tourists may decide not to travel to a particular destination due to the absence of these attributes [56]. In addition, the absence of Islamic attributes in the destination may be a source of worry to themselves and those with whom they interact [17]. Besides the push and pull motivations that can be a means of influencing tourist behavior, it is important to understand the Islamic attributes that may lead to tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty for Muslims. This study attempts to address this problem by empirically testing the relationship between Islamic attributes of destination, travel motivations, overall tourist satisfactio n and destination loyalty. The significance of the study Islamic destinations should put an effort in meeting the necessities of international Muslim tourists. By implementing this method, any risk upsetting Muslim tenets obviously is not so debatable when tourists are fellow Muslims from within or outside national precincts. Although Muslim identities are not the same [57], conflicts over dress, food, conduct and religious and social observances are less likely. While intra- Islamic travel has been narrowed to date, apart from pilgrimages to Saudi Arabia, there is still growing interest in this province. It is the subject of Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), an official organization of 56 Islamic nations dedicated to the well-being of Muslims worldwide; these total almost 1.4 billion or 20% of the worlds inhabitants, forecasted to rise to over 30% by 2025 [58] . Since the Muslim population is a significant market, the exploitation of which is a partial solution to the predicament of accommodation to tourists from a more alien figu res and culture reveals that how important domestic activity can be in contributing highest profit in tourism industry. Non- Muslim visitors are acceptable and there is recognition of the value of working with the international tourism agencies such as World Tourism Organization and others, but much of the emphasis is on tourism as a vehicle for reinforcing the solidarity of the Islamic societies. Within the Islamic world, the greater travel by Muslims could lead to better understanding, stimulate serve and collaboration the common good. At a most international recent meeting, a delegate advised creating more Islamic tour packages dedicated to a Muslim heritage which has been largely ignored [59]. The Islamic Development Bank, mention that the purpose to it, is to inspire social progress and economical growth amongst its 53 Muslim member countries. Yet it can be adopted in other Muslims elsewhere in accordance with the Shariah, also emphasized support for tourism. Meanwhile the efficiency of both the OIC and Islamic Development Bank have been questioned [60], their acknowledge

Gunslingers :: essays research papers

Gunslingers The wall beside Gerard exploded as a high velocity bullet struck the already heavily battered bricks and sent them shattering outwards in a spray of red shards. Gerard stood still, one hand casually flicking the ignition wheel on his lighter. As he lit the end of his cigarette, another volley of bullets stuck the wall behind which he was hiding. Bullet holes riddled it like holes in a Swiss cheese, and the cover was becoming steadily more useless. He took a puff and tucked the black lighter back into the pocket of his trench coat. He put two fingers to the cigarette and removed it from his lips to breath out the slow stream of smoke whilst his opponent continued to waste his bullets and his time shooting aimlessly at Gerard. A row of bullets riddled the wall five feet to his right and he called out, â€Å"Hey, nearly got me that time.† In a mocking voice. His enemy muttered a curse and Gerard heard the sound of footsteps approaching. The cowardly bastard had called for backup. Oh well, the more the merrier. A fresh stream of shots, this time from a multi-barreled rotary cannon spat out along Gerard’s cover. He watched with casual indifference as the red brick wall slowly disintegrated around him, slowly reducing his cover to just the tiny section of masonry that he hid behind. There was an ominous silence broken only by the sudden thump as an entire section of wall collapsed to the ground. Gerard heard the sound of one of his adversaries reloading their weapon. He dropped the cigarette on the ground and stamped it out with his boot. He reached within his trench coat and withdrew a shining silver revolver. He slowly and almost carelessly loaded one shot after another into the weapon, occasionally jerking his head to one side as a stray bullet clipped the edge of the wall. As he placed the last shot in the ancient weapon he spun the wheel and gripped the handle. He then paused for a moment until his opponent’s clip ran dry again and he heard the sound of the rotary cannon be ing loaded again. Gerard took one step to the left and with barely a glance calculated exactly how far his opponents were from him. In the same fluid motion as he completely removed himself from cover, he leveled the revolver at the two enforcers across the deserted plaza from him and squeezed the trigger.

Frank Lloyd Wright Research Paper

Frank Lloyd Wright and His Impact Frank Lloyd Wright was a very influential designer and architect who inspired the next century of builders to go beyond their normal standards and break free from the confines of the current building barriers. He used aspects of nature to compliment his buildings, and knew how to perfectly arrange the complex angles and structures to set his projects apart from all others. Frank Lloyd Wright changed the future of architecture with his high attention to interior design, detail, simplicity, and environmental influences.Frank’s upbringing seems to have impacted his choices and views in life. Wright’s father was a Baptist minister and a musician, possibly where Wright may have received some of his creativity. His mother was a school teacher, and she introduced Wright to the Froebel Kindergarten Method, which familiarized children to solely geometric forms and certain patterns on grids. Many say that this was a major part to Wright’s advanced geometric procedures and focus on design and function (â€Å"Wright, Frank Lloyd – Overview†).Frank Lloyd Wright held many jobs that added to his architect career early in his life. The first main influence was his part-time employment with a Madison, Wisconsin contractor, working as a draftsman’s apprentice for Joseph Silsbee. Wright also worked with Dankmar Alder and Louis Sullivan. Wright developed a close relationship with Louis Sullivan, who had a â€Å"form follows function† philosophy, just like Wright did later in life. JRank Encyclopedia says, â€Å"By the time Wright was in his early 20s, he had worked on some of the most impressive buildings in Chicago. This quote puts in perspective just how much experience Wright received from his collaborations with Adler and Sullivan (â€Å"Wright, Frank Lloyd – Overview†). Wright said himself, describing his work as â€Å"organic architecture; that which proceeds, persists, and cre ates, according to the nature of man and his circumstances as they both change. † This quote shows what Wright wanted his buildings to convey; a view of the natural world through the works of beautiful architecture.The homes Wright created in his earlier years held strong horizontal lines and shapes and roofs that were low pitched and had large overhangs. The interiors of many of his houses were influenced by Japanese designs; they had large open spaces, few closed corners, and large windows to allow for the flow of natural light and to not hide the beauty of nature. The homes were heated by coils built into the slabs of concrete that circulated warm water, heating the house evenly, known as radiant heat.Wright developed a new type of building material, using pre-cast concrete blocks that were reinforced with metal. Several of his houses were built with his new method. Frank Lloyd Wright pushed the standards, creating a new era of architecture that he was paving as he worked ( â€Å"Wright, Frank Lloyd – Overview†). Although Frank Lloyd Wright receives so much praise nowadays, during his life time and especially his earlier years, he was not as glorified. Only about 10% of his over 470 buildings and more than 1200 designs received public commissions (McCarter).Having 4 wives and leaving his first family, Wright wasn’t seen as the most likable person, but his designs were irresistible (â€Å"Wright, Frank Lloyd – Overview†). He has set a standard that has not yet been matched; those during his time had not realized his creativity. As Wright continued in his career, people began to notice his uniqueness and â€Å"powers†. Frank Lloyd Wright did not receive the full recognition he deserved during his lifetime. Many people can now agree that Frank Lloyd Wright is the single most influential architect and builder to have lived in the recent centuries.When asked about memorable architects, virtually every first-year col lege student entering American universities could name Frank Lloyd Wright (McCarter). A quote from the Taliesin Architects website truly shows the impact Wright had: â€Å"The greatest artist this country has ever produced seems at last to be coming into his own. America's other great artists–our painters, sculptors, composers – don't really rank with the tops of all time. They're not Rembrandt or Michelangelo or Beethoven. Wright alone has that standing. † (â€Å"Frank Lloyd Wright†).Wright has many extremely recognizable buildings located in many areas around the world, such as the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois; the Midway Gardens in Chicago; the Fallingwater in Mill Run, Pennsylvania; the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, Japan; the Beth Shalom Synagogue in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania; and the Guggenheim Museum in New York (McCarter). It’s easy to tell that Wright has been seriously noticed and is overly well known. But, one may ask, what kind of majo r impacts has Frank Lloyd Wright had on the world? Well, homes with a living room, open garage, or a floor plan with many open spaces have all been majorly influenced by Mr.Wright. Frank himself pioneered all of these designs. His low and sweeping rooflines, many windows, and central fireplaces changed how houses would be built for centuries to come (â€Å"Frank Lloyd Wright†). In 1952, Wright completed a home for a World War II veteran that is completely accessible for a person confined to a wheelchair, such as the owner Kenneth Laurent. The house is built on completely one level, with curving walls, added space for turning radii, and lowered light switches and heighted electric plugs; giving the perfect example for just how much Wright could bend to certain needs all while maintaining his personal designs.Mr. Laurent described Wright in an interview pacing up and down the room as he listened to the requirements for the proposed home. Mr. Laurent said, â€Å"Mr. Wright seem ed to be designing the home in his mind right then and there. † (Menendez). Being able to complete complex projects such as this home shows how talented and unique Frank Lloyd Wright was. Frank Lloyd Wright’s advanced designs and forward thinking easily makes him without a doubt one of the greatest architects to have lived in the United States.He changed the future of architecture; inventing new ways to have homes run in a more beautiful and efficient way. His complex but simple interior design elements make his homes and buildings a stable to modern American architecture. His respect to the beauty of nature brings the simplistic gloriousness of the outdoors to reside in the structure and designs of his homes. Frank Lloyd Wright made his name known and marked the history of the United States and the world for many, many years to come. Bibliography â€Å"Frank Lloyd Wright. † Building The Windy City.Web. 24 Mar. 2011. ;http://library. thinkquest. org/J002846/a_wri ght. htm;. McCarter, Robert. â€Å"The Other Traditional American Architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis I. Kahn. † Phi Kappa Phi Forum. 2003. Web. 9 Mar. 2011. ;http://find. galegroup. com/gtx/start. do? prodId=AONE;. Menendez, Frank. â€Å"An Accessible Jewel. † Paralyzed Veterans of America. Mar. 2010. Web. 9 Mar. 2011. â€Å"Wright, Frank Lloyd – Overview. † Jrank Encyclopedia. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. ;http://encyclopedia. jrank. org/articles/pages/6404/Wright-Frank-Lloyd.

Ragging is a Crime Essay

â€Å"Ragging is a verbal, physical or psychological abuse on newcomers to educational institutions. It is similar to the American phenomenon known as hazing. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to psychological or physical torture. Sri Lanka is said to be its worst affected country in the world† The delusion of Ragging is spread almost among every organization that is to be found today. Govt universities are the most affected parties, which will be focused further in this article. There are many types of ragging, dress code ragging, playing the fool etc. Ragging results in many outcomes some think it provides, A sense of accomplishment, Helps you learn about yourself, Challenges you to develop coping skills, Makes you feel like part of the group, Develops close friendships with other new members, Prepare you for emotional challenges in life, Promotes self-discipline ,Allows you do to crazy things in a self accepted manner etc. Unfortunately ragging is exploited into verbal torture and physical torture which are commonly known in Govt Universities. Presently the initial stage is prevailed by making the new comers wear a certain dress code for a period of time some resulting to look humane/pleasant but some feel awkward and uncomfortable as it often brings them unnecessary attention then making hem memorize the name and hometown of their peers. which is actually common situation to increase the friendship among batch mates . (locally referred as batch fit) Prior things are said to be tolerable upto a certain extent but this delusion unfortunately doesn’t end there , â€Å"playing the fool† which involves kissing a tree, proposing someone from the opposite sex and maybe upto public nudity often results in self embarrassment, then again verbal torture -indulging in loose talks ,singing of a vulgar or abusive song in the presence of a large number of peers, aliases are used primarily as a means of preventing the  university authorities identifying the students who are involved in ragging.  The severest form of raging that could take place is physical torture, Freshman are forced to consume alcohol and various other substances. Some seniors are mainly interested in details such as the anatomical description of one’s body parts, his or her sexual interests etc. In many cases, the freshmen have been asked to strip before the seniors. However, sexual abuse of female students remains rare. Outstation students who stay in hostels are most vulnerable to ragging. They may be asked to do odd acts such as having showers several times per day, and having showers around midnight with cold water. Some extreme cases like inserting candles inside lady-parts (as in the case of Rupa Rathnaseeli), putting testicles in a drawer and having it closed, pushing straightened out coat-hangers into ears, striking the man-parts over a long period of time (termed bonchi kadeema) are also reported. This period of time is termed Bheeshana Samaya in university jargon. â€Å"Ragging is often used as a method to promote group loyalty and camaraderie through shared suffering.† These ragging victims are currently only lead to Loss of friendships outside of the organization, Resentment towards current members, Exhaustion, Emotional duress from humiliation/intimidation, Decreased academic performance, Stress-related illness, Accidental injuries, Inflicted injuries, Physical pain, Depression or other mental health problems, Re-traumatization of past abuse, Severe intoxication (resulting in medical emergencies), Seizures, Maiming and finally Death. A tentative explanation from evolutionary psychology is that ragging can activate the psychological trait known as Stockholm syndrome. These delusions has lead to many major catastrophes, below states some In 1974, ragging of some trainee mathematics teachers at the then Vidyalankara University (now University of Kelaniya) prompted Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike’s Government to appoint V. W. Kularatne Commission to probe the incident. As a result, twelve undergraduates were expelled and four officials were penalised for their failure to take appropriate action. This  is the first major step taken against university ragging by a Sri Lankan government. In 1975, University of Peradeniya reported the first ragging related death when a 22-year-old female student of the Faculty of Agriculture, Rupa Rathnaseeli became paralyzed as a result of jumping from the second floor of the hostel â€Å"Ramanathan Hall† to escape the physical ragging carried out by her seniors. It was reported that she was about to have a candle inserted in her vagina just before she had jumped out of the hostel building. She committed suicide in 1997 In 1993, Chaminda Punchihewa, a student of University of Ruhuna, died as a result of ragging. Prasanga Niroshana, a student from Hakmana, died as a result of ragging he underwent at Schools of Agriculture, Angunakolapallassa. In 1997, 21-year-old S. Varapragash, an Engineering student of University of Peradeniya, died from a kidney failure following severe ragging by senior students. A a first year female student of University of Ruhuna committed suicide in 1997 as a result of ragging In 1997, Kelum Thushara Wijetunge, a first-year student at the Hardy Technical institute in Ampara, died from a kidney failure after he was forced to do tough exercises and drink excessive quantities of liquor. In 2002, Samantha Vithanage, a third year Management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign was killed at a meeting, while in a discussion on ragging. In 2006, Prof. Chandima Wijebandara, the Vice Chancellor of University of Sri Jayewardenepura resigned from his post as a result of students failing to comply with his orders to eliminate ragging from the university. In 2011, a female student attached to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Ruhuna, was semi-paralysed in one limb as a result of ragging she underwent at the faculty canteen Seeing closely at a person who might join in this â€Å"ragging† is that they suffer from â€Å"illusion of control†. They tend to share a personal distress of Jealousy or envy and a lack of personal and social skills to deal with such feelings, usually created by an unstable home environment. People with this vague state of mind is further explained in the Perfect Storm Theory Of Hazardous Hazing. In 1998 Prohibition of Ragging and Other Forms of Violence in Educational Institutions Act, No. 20 was passed in the Sri Lankan parliament. As specified in the detailed note of the Act, it is identified as an Act to eliminate ragging and other forms of violent and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment from educational institutions. The Act specifies the relevant Higher Educational Institutions coming under the Act and that includes all the Higher Educational Institutions established under the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978. University students are also considered as citizens and are subjugated to the Common Law that prevails in the country. Accordingly, the constitutional constrains specified above are equally applicable to university students. Any form of civil or criminal offence executed by them are liable to be punished and in an instance of violation of such rights committed by university students, they shall be produced before the relevant Court and subject to suitable punishment that followed by the trial. Unlike in India, there is no official anti-ragging movement in Sri Lanka. But with the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is a spontaneously emerging anti-ragging movement in each and every faculty of the university that ragging exists. In the case of University of Peradeniya, the largest university in Sri Lanka, anti-ragging movement has emerged in the year 1996. Prior to that, there was no movement against ragging, but certain individuals who escaped from the rag. In the mean time, anti-ragging movements started to appear in all other universities. Several faculties in several universities have become rag-free due to these movements, strengthened laws as well as practical difficulties in conducting ragging such as not providing accommodation facilities to the first-year students. Internal clashes have erupted several times due to the friction between ragging and anti-ragging movements, best example being Samantha Vithanage, a third year Management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign was killed at a meeting while in a discussion about ragging. The Higher Education Minister S. B. Dissanayake has stressed that firm action will be taken against those who are found guilty of such activities in future and would be expelled from the university. In December 2011, he claimed that the levels of ragging has gone  down drastically in the recent times and â€Å"only Peradeniya and Ruhuna are still affected by this ‘malaise’ Finally every person should realize that the this illusion of power lies only within the particular organization and in a couple of years they are driven into society and they will be accounted for their wrongs. Freshman should respect their seniors as well as the seniors should be in a state to accept it, as it has been said â€Å"Give respect to get respect†. After all we are all humans pursuing our personal/common interests while dealing with major/minor issues So let’s try making each other’s lives easier.